Cambios de temperatura: estrategias Posted: 05 May 2007 03:30 PM GMT-06:00 Hace unos días se hablaba en Genciencia de la temperatura como factor clave en el desarrollo de la vida. Quedaba pendiente comentar algo sobre estrategias evolutivas concretas de los seres vivos frente a las variaciones de temperatura. Según la tolerancia a los cambios pueden establecerse dos grupos. El de aquellos que no resisten más que pequeñas variaciones de temperatura, llamados estenotermos, y el de los que soportan bien amplias diferencias, llamados euritermos. Los estenotermos se encuentran en zonas muy estables climatológicamente. Existe un pez antártico que sólo tolera temperaturas entre los 2ºC negativos y los 2ºC positivos. Otro ejemplo de un pez estenotermo, quizás más conocido, es la trucha, cuya franja de temperaturas soportadas se sitúa entre 10ºC y 20ºC. En relación con la temperatura, un importante logro evolutivo, ha sido conseguir mecanismos de autorregulación. Los organismos homeotermos, principalmente representados por aves y mamíferos, mantienen constante su temperatura corporal, cosa que consiguen de diferente modos: sudando, jadeando, moviendo las orejas La mayoría de los animales homeotermos poseen pelo o plumas y grasa. La homeotermia exige un control muy fino por parte del sistema nervioso, que implica una elevada inversión energética. En el caso de otros organismos, su temperatura corporal depende exclusivamente de la temperatura del ambiente. Se trata de los llamados poiquilotermos. Los reptiles, por ejemplo, han desarrollado comportamientos que les permiten mantener alta su temperatura corporal. Básicamente, se trata de encontrar zonas soleadas y permanecer sobre una piedra o algún material que mantenga el calor. Con este objetivo, las serpientes se acercan a veces hasta el asfalto de las carreteras, un lugar ciertamente peligroso para todo bicho viviente. Genciencia | Los límites de temperatura para la vida |
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